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Hey Jeff! I'm a minimalist & find that I'm happier with less stuff & when I give/receive experiences rather than items. Do you find consumer happiness reflects this shift towards minimalism since that is a (small, but seemingly growing) trend, especially among Millennials? | Great question! There is some relatively new research looking at happiness from experiences vs. material possessions. Most of it shows that happiness from equally valued (e.g. price) experiences is higher than for possessions. HOWEVER, and this is a big however, all that work tends to ignore long run happiness with highly prized possessions. For instance, if you have a sentimentally valued object, happiness that stems from that object lasts for a long time. What most possessions don't do is provide long lasting happiness. You buy a new shiny toy and it DOES make you happy...but that happiness goes away quickly. My collaborators and I have termed this idea "Hedonic Decline." |
So as for minimalism, there is not evidence that I know of that shows that less possessions make you happier. There's plenty showing that more possessions don't make you happier, but that's not the same thing. | |
One more layer of complexity: there are two routes to happiness: hedonic and eudaimonic. The former is what we usually think of when we think of happiness: how much joy does XYZ bring me. The latter, however, is closer to self-actualization. It's the happiness the comes from a accomplishing something....even if there was pain involved in getting there. I wonder if minimalism can increase eudaimonic happiness. | |
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That's interesting. Thank you for responding. In the minimalism community, self-actualization is reflected in endeavors such as achieving certain goals (like, paying off debt) that usually involves some amount of self-discipline &/or self-sacrifice. | I'd say that the vast majority of research in happiness excludes eudaimonic happiness, largely because it's so hard to measure. My personal, non-data supported, take is that eudaimonic happiness is far more important than hedonic happiness. The latter is fleeting, whereas the former can be life changing. |
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Beautifully said. | Thank you. |
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How does depression affect eudaimonic happiness compared to hedonic happiness? | Great question and I don't know the answer. Social Psychology typical studies what we very poorly term "normal" psychology, which excludes clinical conditions like depression. Sorry! |
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What’s your take on “pay to play” - as in, some “hedonic” purchases at are required to signal you’re in the game, making progress on eudaimonic happiness. When you get older and into your career, I’d venture many people have already figured out that hedonic happiness doesn’t do squat long-term, but there’s a balance in terms of how much hedonic happiness to have to acquire for the ultimate long-term eudaimonic happiness. Example: in sales, which I’m in tech analytics sales, companies want to spend for solutions to business problems, but they also want to see, visually, that the person they’re paying is a good representative for them. High cost equals a person that can represent that taste. Nice. Tailored suits, a nice watch and latest tech gadgets. There’s a pay to play aspect that signals to the world who I am, and that in turn actually allows me to get what I want- student loans paid off and early retirement.. | I don't think there's any conflict here. If you will find some form of life satisfaction by succeeding in your career, there's no harm in also purchasing items that help you reach that goal. Those items can, in and of themselves, make you happy...nothing wrong with that. More to the point, hedonic and eudaimonic happiness don't have to be in opposition. You can have both! |
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I really like this response. While i can jive with basic premise of experiences over possessions...i’m find it used a lot by people who actually just want to shirk obligation. I run HHiring and there is a persistent trend of people not wanting to act like their job is important..just because it’s easier to justify bailing on work/shifts to go do things when you can say you’re doing it for the experience, not focusing on the money you make at a job. I’m trying to figure out the best way to respond to people who think i’m some big bad money grubbing boss for wanting people to do their jobs. Meanwhile, in my personal life...i feel like i’m getting a lot of push back socially from people who think i should only work where i can just make my own schedule and dip put for an “experience” whenever. At the end of the say, it feels like people will just wax philosophic reasons for demanding leisure with all the material perks of having jobs and working. | Great point. This relates to intrinsic vs. extrinsic motivation. The former is the desire to do something because it's inherently interesting/rewarding. The latter is doing something for compensation. This is more in the realm of organizational behavior, and you'll have to wait for my wife who is also a professor, but of organizational behavior and theory, to do an AMA for more on that :) |
Hello, thanks for doing this. Are you familiar with "loot boxes" in video games? I feel like the topics of a lot of your papers would fit right into why consumers/businesses use loot boxes. How does a loot box mechanic differ from gambling and should it be treated the same? (Regulation, age restriction, etc) If they are the same, how do you feel about video games including a loot box mechanic? Sticking with gambling parallels, what are your thoughts on video game companies targeting "whales" given that gamers can be any age nowadays? | I'm not a gamer myself (though I do love TTPRGs and run a D&D 5e campaign), but I'm pretty familiar with loot boxes. Mobile games and social media platforms in general have become very good at continuous reinforcement. It can be the allure of getting a new outfit in a loot box or just an upvote on Reddit...the point is that we are wired to love small rewards, even if those rewards are meaningless. Casinos have mastered this art and loot boxes are an capitalizing of the same basic psychological mechanisms: need for positive reinforcements. So are loot boxes the same as gambling? Probably not the SAME, but damn close. As for regulation, I am strongly in favor of making gambling of all forms only accessible to adults and even then providing access to counseling for those who suffer from gambling addiction. |
I have a lot less sympathy towards wealthy adults who choose to gamble as a form of entertainment. The problem is that it's not always obvious who's a whale and who's just pretending to be one for the attention. The latter is highly susceptible to financial ruin and I'd want them protected just the same as they are with standard gambling. | |
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Do you find the researcher in you observing and asking questions about the players' decision making processes in your D&D campaign? My old DM minored in psychology, and I often felt like a rat in his experiments. I enjoyed it, though. It kind of added an extra facet to the game. | More than my research, teaching has made a huge difference in being a DM. When I lecture, I am forced to be quick on my feet to understand student questions, reply accordingly, and make sure that I'm moving the lecture along. That is the same with DMing. I need to be able to understand the motives of my players, respond appropriately with NPCs, and keep the story going. |
I'm sure that my knowledge of psychology helps, but I wouldn't think it influences the way I DM (or play) that much. | |
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Studying business Psychology in Switzerland and leading the yawning portal atm, seems like I need to start teaching :p | Ha! Check out this thread: https://www.reddit.com/WaterdeepDragonHeist/comments/fcc89a/the_yawning_portal_a_drinking_song_and_boss_music/ |
I used that for my game and it was great. | |
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Could I join your 5e campaign? | Ha! Sorry, no. It's just close friends and we're months into it. I'm running Waterdeep, if you're curious. |
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I'm applying to Carnegie's MBA for what it's worth! If I'm accepted, may I join then? ;-) | How about you get in and then we discuss! |
Hi Jeff! What is your favorite heuristic or logical fallacy when it comes to decision making? Can you teach us about one that people might not know about? | Easy: Diversification Bias. That's where I started my career 15 years ago. I didn't discover this bias, but have built on it. Anyway, it's the idea that people choose more variety than they should. For example, if you are going to pick some snacks for the next few days, you might pick: chips, pretzels and an apple. Those are fine, but really chips are your favorite and you picked the other two because you thought you'd get tired of chips every day. Well, turns out you'd be wrong. A day is enough to reset satiation/hedonic-decline in most cases, so you'd be better off always picking your favorite option! Doing otherwise means eating snacks that are less preferred. |
A new one that my doctoral student, Julian Givi, and I recently published: The Future Is Now (FIN) Heuristic. It's the idea that people believe that future events will be like present events, even when evidence points to the contrary. An example: if it's sunny today, you're more likely to think it'll be sunny tomorrow, even if the forecast clearly predict rain. What happens is you treat information about the present as having evidentiary value for future events, even when that's just not true. | |
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I really like that you give your student credit. | PhD students do all the hard work. Professors just bask in the glory :) |
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I think diversification bias is how I ended up with 5 shades of blue nail polish that are virtually undistinguishable from each other! Interesting to consider. | Ha! Just might be... |
Tell me about your paper "Sentimental value and gift giving: Givers’ fears of getting it wrong prevents them from getting it right". From what I read of the abstract, it seems that gift-givers undervalue sentimental value, seeing it as riskier. Why is that, and how can we give better gifts? | Sure, this is a paper with my former doctoral student, Julian Givi. Basically, people are risk averse in gift giving when they shouldn't be. If I know you like coffee and I have a choice to give you some nice coffee beans or a framed photo of the two of us (presumably since we're friends), I give the former b/c it's a sure bet. But as the recipient, overwhelmingly, people prefer the latter. So givers should take the risk and give the sentimentally valuable gift over one that is more a sure bet. |
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Interesting. When giving presents, givers focus too much on the recipient's known wants, which gets in the way of giving a meaningful present. Thank you! I'll be sure to keep that in-mind next Christmas. | That's exactly it. |
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I sometimes hesitate at this. I don’t want to come off as the selfie culture of all about me in pictures! But relatives do love getting pics of the kids for gifts. Still, how often is this perceived as a form of narcissism by the gift receiver? Edit: pictures of my kids not just me! | One trick we do: every Christmas holiday we print full size calendars with our kids pictures on them. That's our holiday gift to all the grandparents. They LOVE it. |
We also send small photo books to the grandparents throughout the year of some of the best pictures we take. | |
We have yet to send too many, but that's specific to our family. | |
The best advice I always have for something like this is: just ask! People are often worried about asking gift recipients about their preferences, but our research shows that a) recipients don't care about being asked and b) you can give better gifts that way. | |
Hi Jeff ! I have a question regarding involvement in a purchase, is there an increasing trend to become highly involved in the purchase of even low value object ? I find myself doing this during the pandemic doing comparison searches for a bulb which costs 10 dollars. Is this an exception ? Or is there some underlying psychological reason isolated to me ? | Absolutely. Two reasons this could be happening. 1) With more free time, the threshold for what merits deep research drops a lot. 2) Many people are facing financial hardships, and so making sure every dollar is well spent becomes really important. |
Hi Jeff, Thank you for the great AMA. Where do you see the future of insights departments in consumer companies? Most companies looks like giving up on ethnographic and in person research and focus on data analytics. I speculate management is under great pressure and in the meantime aspire to Google, Amazon etc. What is your take of insights departments future in large companies? | Thank you! Exploratory research like ethnographies, interviews, and focus groups is really useful for brainstorming. But they are a poor substitute for quantitative data. Now, that doesn't mean "big data"...just data that has larger samples and is better representative of populations. Surveys are still amazing. When we want to forecast an election, we don't use big data, we conduct a political poll. They work. |
But yes, right now, AI and machine learning are the hot new ideas on the block and everyone wants in on them. There is plenty of amazing applications of AI/ML, but what they can't do is tell you "why". As in, why did someone choose this option over that one? Or why are people motivated by this goal or that goal? Those types of answers allow you to apply knowledge in completely novel contexts. AI/ML needs to be trained on a specific type of data for a specific type of task. It is AMAZING at that. But as soon as you introduce a new context or new set of experiences, it fails. That's where good old fashioned surveys and behavioral experiments come in. | |
If a program was built to help us make better decisions, do you think we would use it? Do you think we can listen to a program’s advice better than we do from experts? | We already do. Weather forecasts tell us how to dress. Facebook tells us what to think. Tinder tells us who to date. Etc... etc... |
A program that EXPLICITLY tells you what to do won't work too well. People like to feel like they have free will. They don't, though. We are greatly influenced by our environment (not just technology) whether we know it or not. As one example: I can guess your weight reasonably well just by knowing your zip code (please don't make me actually do this as I'm not in the business of public shaming!). If we had true free will and agency, that should be impossible. Instead, we are the products of our environment. | |
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60641 | Chicago? I believe Illinois has 30-35% obesity (I'm doing this quickly and not looking at your zip specifically), so pretty high weight. |
Hi Jeff! Since I'm a 14 yrs old and knew nothing about what you study, I have very limited questions I can ask. But as I have observed, people are often sheepish and will consume as the trend goes. What is the most unexpected trend, worldwide? P.S. will defo check out your channel | I don't expect most people to know my work (I like to think my ego isn't THAT big!), so no worries! |
You're right. Trends will drive a lot of human behavior. We are social creatures and follow what others do much more than we care to admit. As for the most unexpected trend, that's really hard to say. Maybe this is too broad, but I'm surprised by how short people's attention span is when it comes to current events. News cycles used to last for weeks, now they last for hours. I suppose I know that people don't have long attention spans, but I'm still surprised. | |
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Any underlying reasoning for this? | For the short attention spans? We can invoke evolutionary psychology, which I'm not a big fan of, and it would suggest something like a tensions between exploring and cultivating. So it would argue that our ancestors needed to have some reason to leave their immediate tribe to find new resources. So perhaps our attention spans are short b/c of this and the current environment exaggerates that behavior. |
Have you done(or can you point to) any research relating to the decision making/not making around getting rid of possessions? I have a relative who keeps anything that has a perceived value as in could be sold on ebay/garage sale which they never sell. They are otherwise rational, clean, don't over consume..def not hoarder territory.. but I struggle to convince them that the old digital camera that's been sitting for 3 years could just be disposed of. | Hoarding is definitely a thing. There isn't much in the study of item disposition in the empirical world of research (lots of interesting qualitative work that I'm less familiar with). The big exception to this is the Endowment Effect. The short version is that you value items you own more than if you don't own it. So a mug sitting on a store shelf is worth, say $10 to you, but as soon as you own it is worth, say, $20 to you. Nothing changed except your ownership of it. That explains some of hoarding behavior, but not all of it. |
For a qualitative research paper on the topic, see here: https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mcb/216/2010/00000013/00000001/art00001 | |
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I suppose I have the Endowment Effect. Everytime I find something valuable i dont have the will to let it go. Even though i can sell it and re buy it later, or buy something similar haha. It's like I want to take the most of it and use it til it brakes, go missing, or whatever. | The endowment effect isn't infinite. As in, it's not that you won't be willing to sell your items for ANY price, it's just that your willingness to sell is higher than your willingness to buy. |
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Hey Professor, appreciate the AMA. A couple of questions: 1) Just from my own thoughts banging around in my head and observations I've made during the pandemic, do you see the pause our society went through and the economic downturn effecting the psychology behind materialism? It seems the American "push for more no matter what" mind state took a eating and I think I'm seeing some consequences of that. | 1) It's possible, but my pretty strong prediction is that within 1-2 years of the pandemic ending, we will be back to where we were beforehand in terms of materialism and general behavior. Extreme events like a pandemic seem like they are life changers. For some, that's true (e.g. someone loses a loved one), but for most it's not. We are inherently myopic and think that the thing in front of our noses is the only thing that exists. |
2) I'm a current medical student and we get inundated with so many studies that it's overwhelming. Trying to practice evidence based medicine is really hard in an atmosphere that prioritizes publishing with little regard to quality. Do you ha e ways of navigating that I could apply to my day to day? Thanks again. | 2) I can't speak to medical research, but that problem exists in all academic fields. The best thing to do is to let science happen. There will always be flashy new findings, but the ones that really matter will get replicated over and over again...and will get built on. The BS ones tend to just die out. That's not a full proof approach to vetting research, but it's better than just assuming everything you see published is true and/or important. |
I am a former CMU student. How do you feel about CMU's decision to appoint Richard Grenell as a senior fellow? And how can we do something to fight against it because it seems they are not listening the current student body? Recently, the fence was vandalized against BLM (they wrote "all lives matter" over the previously written "black lives matter"). How are you working to build a more inclusive community at CMU and to fight for those who need it? How can former students help? | I signed the petition to revoke his appointment and stand by that completely. I do understand why the university is upholding it, but I am embarrassed to have him associated with CMU. |
As for the fence, the CMU Provost sent a really great letter immediately after it all happened condemning the vandalism and supporting BLM. Personally, I try VERY hard to do things like call on students of all races and genders and not let white men (of which I am one, btw) dominate conversations. I try to make sure that examples I use to highlight ideas include more than just typically white and/or male oriented products. I have been trained in Green Dot deescalation for sexual assault and violence. I am on the university academic disciplinary committee and have direct say over infractions like harassment or discrimination. And I sit on my college's Faculty Diversity Equity and Inclusion committee with the hope of including representation and inclusion of URM and female faculty. I care about this topic a LOT and do what I can...still probably not enough. | |
As for alums, if you see behavior at CMU that you think is antithetical to inclusiveness, let the administration know. Get your fellow alums to weigh in. The university wants your sweet sweet alumni donations. If you are all pissed off, they'll reply. | |
Hey Professor! I absolutely love to give. But I feel so awkward being thanked. And I dont really like receiving gifts. What would the psychology behind that be? | Great question. It's hard to know without more detail, but I'd guess that some of that anxiety is about attention...as in, your lack of desire for it. As for not liking receiving gifts, maybe you have just not received that many good gifts? Again, it's really hard to say without knowing a bit more about you and the gift giving contexts you're involved in. If you want to share more, I can try to answer better, but totally understandable if you don't! |
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Well, if I think more deeply....whenever I need something, I feel like it's up to me to make me happy. I usually don't really ask anyone else. Whether I need a massage, have a getaway, or get my dream dog, I just do it myself. | As an aside, self-gifts are great! You get what you need, and nothing else. No issues there. |
To your question, though, I do wonder if you just haven't receive that many great gifts. Yes, gifts can fall flat and the recipient might not love them, but when they hit, they not only provide the value from the gift itself (e.g. a great bottle of wine) but ALSO the sentimental value from the associations that the gift brings up (e.g. who gave it to you and under what circumstances...like for a birthday or graduation). | |
Hi Jeff, I have a job application at a place where they do conjoint analysis, something I have never done before. Got any tips? Do you have any thoughts on the technique in general? Personally as someone who takes surveys I find it very abstract (e.g. "Would you rather buy a $5 toaster with two slots vs. a $20 toaster that takes bagels?" I don't know!). | First, good luck with the job application! Conjoint is a really useful tool when used correctly (like any tool, I suppose). The short version is that it lets you extract utility weights for different dimensions (e.g. price, product size, product speed, etc...) without directly asking people to answer questions about those dimensions. So instead of saying "how important is price to you?" you would come up with product profiles that have varying price (among other things) and then have people choose between those profiles. You can then extract, using nothing more than regression analysis (though, practically, no one does it that way...they use software like Sawtooth or SPSS Conjoint), how important those dimensions are for any given person. |
the technique is tedious in that respondents have to make LOTS of pair-wise comparisons, but the end product can teach you a lot about what people actually value. | |
One key is to make the task as simple and realistic as possible. So the example you gave is confusing and wouldn't work too well. But I asked you to choose between a $20 toaster with 2 slots vs. a $30 toaster with 3 slots" that would work (in reality it would be more complex than that). You'd be forced to tell me if you prefer a cheaper toaster with fewer slots or a more expensive one with more slots. There's not right answer, but I would learn about those two dimensions for you. I'd need a lot more pair-wise tradeoffs to do this right, but that's the general idea. | |
Do you find that there are significant differences between particular groups? Does age influence gift giving habits more then sex, or some other factor? Just curious about the general trends of gift giving between groups. Super general question I know, so feel free to just call me out on it | Definitely difference across genders as you would expect. More jewelry given by men to women. More gadgets given by women to men. Not so much in terms of age, though I've never really directly looked at that. The reality is that most gifts aren't that exciting. They tend to be things that are popular in a given year or old standbys like gift cards and ties. There certainly are amazing gifts and gift givers out there, but the vast majority of actual gifts given are pretty mundane. But that's not a bad thing if the recipient still likes what they get! |
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Yeah, sounds about right. And yeah if everyone is chipper it's all good :) Is there a sort of gift quality vs quantity data? Like is it better to get more frequent smaller gifts or largemore expensive gifts less frequently? | Smaller more frequent gifts every time. I have some new work on obligatory vs. non-obligatory gifts. Basically, you can make someone very happy by giving a small gift on a random Tuesday compared to a much nicer gift on their Birthday. More random-tuesday gifts every time! |
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Thank you! :) will the results of that be on ur channel? | Probably not. The channel isn't about my research, but rather about how to understand data more broadly. But the results will hopefully be published soon! |
How extensive are the consumer psychology divisions in companies like apple? | Lots of variation. Places like apple, google, amazon will have a lot of depth in terms of psychologist and consumer behavior researchers. But those are the gold standard. Most will rely on consultants to help out |
How does education on finance and economics affect consumer behavior? Does knowing the way our brains make consumer decisions or how businesses try to get you to buy change how you shop? | If you understand better how firms are trying to entice you to buy their products, you can absolutely counteract that better. For instance, $1.99 is really just $2...we all get that. But it turns out, having a 9-ending price really drives demand. That's nuts, but it does. IF you understand that, you stand a shot and not being duped by something so trivial. So educating yourself can be a big help. On finance and econ eduction, also really helpful, but in other ways. When you go to get a 30-year mortgage for your home, understanding how interest rates work, how inflation might affect home prices, how amortization tables work, etc... will help you make a much more informed decision about what is right for you. |
hi! how do you predict consumer happiness/decision making etc during unprecedented times like this, when such a scenario may not have taken place before and you do not have much data to go on? also since the research you do and the data you collect are relevant to sales, do you see advertisements being affected by the pandemic in the long run from any changes in consumer mindset? | It's really hard to predict much of anything right now. There are some basic behaviors and experiences that we can expect during a pandemic (e.g. increased anxiety, defaulting to familiar experiences, increased online shopping), but the reality is you're right...we just don't know. There's virtually no data on pandemic psychology/behavior, and all the pop-science stuff you read is just guessing at what will happen. |
As for advertising, I think that once the pandemic is over, life will be back to what it was beforehand in almost every respect. People are amazing to adapting to changing circumstances. We are all doing that now with the pandemic and will all do that again when it's over. I don't think that advertising will be any different. Give it a year after we're all vaccinated (or whatever winds up being the solution) and most people will largely forget that we even had a pandemic. Yes, some will have big changes like lost loved ones or lost jobs, but for most people, life will return to what it was before Covid hit. | |
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thank you for answering, that is very interesting! the data you collect seems to be applicable to so many different fields. i asked about advertising as a student interested in media, but i can see it being useful in various types of companies be it internet security, food, travel etc. your job sounds really cool and i will definitely check out your YouTube channel :) | Thanks! |
Did you ever get to meet Herbert Simon? Wasn't he interested in similar things? | I wish! I've been at CMU for 11 years. Simon passed away in 2001, so I missed him by a few years. |
And yes, Simon was one of the original researchers into what's known as Bounded Rationality, it's the idea that humans don't act like computers and process all information simultaneously, but rather use heuristics and shortcuts to accomplish most tasks. | |
How influential was the work of Daniel Kahnemann to your current teaching? | VERY! I don't know Danny personally, but my advisor got his PhD at Princeton when Danny was there, so lots of indirect influence that way. More generally, the field of decision making was build on his (and others) work, so hard not to be influenced. |
Do you have any opinions on investors behavior during covid 19? More specifically how certain financial firms may have targeted people who have or would dabble in market that have recently lost work due to the pandemic? | Caveat: I am not a finance professor. That said, my read is that fear of missing out (FOMO) is driving a lot of unexpected behaviors. The market has rallied like crazy since the March low and everyone wants in on that. It's hard to sit by and watch others make a killing while you don't. |
As for practices like getting people who don't typically to invest to do so, there's two sides to this. On the one hand, getting more people involved with investing is a great thing. It used to be only that the very wealthy could invest and reap the benefits of the market, but now with places like Robinhood and fee-free trading on Schwab and the like, everyone can participate. On the other hand, MANY people don't understand risk well at all. They just see the possible upside and ignore the possibility of losing a lot (see that guy that committed suicide b/c of a terrible options trade...that's horrible). So firms and gov't have a responsibility to both educate investors and provide safeguards against uninformed behaviors. | |
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Hello, I just want to specify something in your comment! The young college student who committed suicide did so because a misprogrammed number on the trading site, Robinhood. Of course at the time he did not know it, but the value loss that was near $800,000, was showing the loss of the entire option, not his equity in the option, which was -$1,000 - -$2,000 if I remember right. It was Robinhood's terrible interface, not his misunderstanding of risk, which is horrible. If you would like a misunderstanding of risk on trading platforms, look no further than wallstreetbets, of course as you said FOMO is a huge factor, or if you're interested, some trading platforms intentionally advertise to consumers without properly representing risk. Thank you very much for this AMA, it has been quite insightful! | Thanks so much for that clarification! |
I have a question re: dating sites / apps. Is there a way to structure incentives so that the company is motivated to find good pairings between users? It feels like Tinder, Bumble, Hinge, etc. don't have such an incentive currently | I think they do have an incentive to make good pairings. Word of mouth is their strongest asset so having good matches is key. The challenge is that good matches are hard to come by and not everyone agrees on what good is. Is good marriage? Is it a fun night? Not clear. |
Hello Professor and thank you for taking this time. As a professional that works in marketing and a person who suffers from mental illnesses, it is often disheartening for me to see so much valuable research and findings be easily made available for use by companies for marketing and consumer exploitation while it is so difficult for those who are struggling to find information that could be beneficial to living their lives more freely. What are your thoughts on this, and do you think there are ways we could change the system to better benefit individuals needs directly? | The connection between marketing academia, marketing industry, and consumers just sucks. No one outside of academia reads marketing academic journals. Few in academia care if their work has applications (even in an applied field like marketing). And consumers can't be bothered (rightfully) to read through academic work to learn. |
Some solutions that I've seen that work: - Marketing Science Institute: this is an organization whose entire goal is link academia and practice. They have conferences where they invite folks from both sides to collaborate. More of this please! - Pop-science social science books like Freakonomics, Blink, Predictably Irrational, etc...: They all have plenty of shortcomings, but the authors all do an amazing job of conveying the ideas of academia to the public. I think that's fantastic. More of this too please! - Consulting for non-profits. I do this and many others do as well. We use our knowledge to help non-profits do their amazing work. This is a way to avoid that "exploitation" you mentioned and instead use what we know to help others. There's not much money in this kind of consulting, which is why few do it, but it's really important. Maybe some kind of granting agency could earmark money for non-profits to hire academic consultants to help them use what we know to help the world. That would be awesome | |
hey, I'm a recent advertisement graduate, it's good to see someone from such a familiar field here anyways, when I do groceries, I always follow the list to a T, and I take no time at all getting the items, basically, I go against every little trick supermarkets have to "seduce" the customer, so my question is: what makes someone a "good customer"? is it someone highly susceptible to the marketing tricks at the market or someone who spends both their money and time more efficiently? | Good can mean different things here. You sound like you're probably super loyal to products. That's pretty great for most companies. The fact that you don't succumb to unintended purchases definitely makes you less attractive in one capacity, but your predictability makes you very attractive in other ways. If I could run a company where every customer always bought the same thing every week, I would LOVE that. I would know how to schedule raw material purchases, delivery schedules, etc... I would have a steady and dependable income. If, however, I relied just on getting lucky and catching the eye of customers as they passed my products on store shelves, that would be a whole lot more difficult a business plan to execute. |
Hi Jeff, I have always geared my life towards maxing out the benefits and deducting the losses for example leaving my family in order to search for better life oportunities, ditching jobs where I felt safe in favor of new and more promising ones. And by this logic I have reached quIte far in my life. But at the end achieving all this goals don't yields the expected satisfaction. However I'm pretty sure that don't doing this would be even worse. Why does it seems that no matter if the desitions taken are the best at my point of view it still seems like I need more than the goals I have achieved. Why is disatisfaction the expected result? | Wow, that's a lot to give up for goals! People are inherently likely to make what are known as upward comparisons. We don't look at the people who we have done better than, but instead focus on the few who done better than us. The classic example is Silver Olympic medalists. They should be elated, but instead they just covet the Gold medalist. |
Beyond that, in your specific case, it's hard to say for sure, but we know that close relationships are the number one driver of life satisfaction. If you've given those all up in pursuit of some other goal, that might explain things a bit. Take that with a grain of salt as all I know about you is summed up in 100 words or so! | |
Hello Jeff, glad to see this AMA here! I'm a statistics student in Brazil (one of my professors got his doctorate degree at Carnegie Mellon University, in fact!). Much of what we learn nowadays is related to careers pertaining the finance fields. Other stuff includes academic research mixed with other fields. I see myself as a data analyst for a big bank someday, but I always think: is there any career for a data scientist thats underrated by modern standards but still awesome and rewarding, in your opinion? | Go work for a non-profit! It's now where the money is, but many need help from data scientists. You can actually change the world that way! |
Which US dollar bill is your favorite? | Cash? You still use cash? |
the below is a reply to the above | |
For coke yeah | Oh, in that case.... Nope, not replying and losing my tenure :) |
the below is a reply to the above | |
Prof, you have a bias. OP mean Coca Cola. | I don't drink soda either :) |
<# .SYNOPSIS Removes installed and provisioned Appx packages in Windows 10. .DESCRIPTION To simplify the user experience and to streamline the configuration of Windows this script removes unneccesary Windows 10 apps. These have been sorted into 4 categories: Home = Computers used in a home setting. The difference between this and the ones below is this keeps the Xbox apps, and Mail app as they make sense on a personal computer. Named = Computers that are normally used by a single person in a typical office environment. Or at least typical where I work. Shared = Computers that are normally shared by multiple people with shared logins and have more direct functions (Lab PC, HR Kiosk, Conference Room PC etc.) Server = Computers that are used in a server type function, running Windows 10, and not used as a desktop PC. (Manufacturing floor PC, badge printing system etc.) Note that these lists are cumulative. Home = Home list Named = Home + Named lists Shared = Home + Named + Shared lists Server = Named + Shared + Server lists Suggest putting this in a computer based GPO login script .EXAMPLE PS C:\>.\Remove-Win10Apps.ps1 Removes all apps from the default home list asking for confirmation for each found app. Writes log to 'C:\Logs\Remove-Win10Apps.log'. .EXAMPLE PS C:\>.\Remove-Win10Apps.ps1 -LogPath '\\server\share\appremoval.log' Removes all apps from the default home list asking for confirmation for each found app. Writes log to '\\server\share\appremoval.log'. .EXAMPLE PS C:\>.\Remove-Win10Apps.ps1 -PCType "Shared" -Whatif Won't remove but just list all apps from the combined default home, named, and then shared list that it's found. .EXAMPLE PS C:\>.\Remove-Win10Apps.ps1 -PCType "Server" -Confirm:$false Removes all apps from the default home, named, shared, and server list without prompting for confirmation. Writes log to 'C:\Logs\Remove-Win10Apps.log'. .INPUTS None .OUTPUTS None .NOTES More than just inspiration taken from the following https://github.com/W4RH4WK/Debloat-Windows-10/blob/mastescripts/remove-default-apps.ps1 http://guidestomicrosoft.com/2016/08/26/simple-function-for-logging-powershell-script/ #> #Requires -RunAsAdministrator #Requires -Version 5.1 [CmdletBinding(SupportsShouldProcess = $true, ConfirmImpact = 'High')] param ( # Specifies the list of apps from Home (the least removed) to Server (the most removed) [ValidateSet("Home", "Named", "Shared", "Server")] [String]$PCType = "Home", # Enter the full path to where you'd like the script to log it's changes. [parameter(Mandatory = $false)] [ValidateScript( { if ($_ -notmatch "(\.log)") { throw "The file specified in the path argument must be of the type .log" } return $true })] [System.IO.FileInfo]$LogPath = 'C:\Logs\Remove-Win10Apps.log', # Lists the entries in the different PCTypes depending on what's selected and closes [switch]$List ) begin { function Write-Log { param( # Enter text you'd like to display on a single line in the log. [parameter(Mandatory = $true)] [string]$Text, [parameter(Mandatory = $true)] # Enter the severity of the log entry. [ValidateSet("WARNING", "ERROR", "INFO")] [string]$Type, # Specifies the path to save the log file to. [ValidateScript( { if ($_ -notmatch "(\.log)") { throw "The file specified in the path argument must be of the type .log" } return $true })] # Sets the path to the log file to C:\Logs\ + the name of the script running the function + .log [System.IO.FileInfo]$Path = 'C:\Logs\' + ([io.path]::GetFileNameWithoutExtension($MyInvocation.PSCommandPath)) + '.log' ) #Makes sure that it updates the "exists" property or else the file keeps getting recreated. $Path.Refresh() if ($Path.Exists -eq $false) { New-Item -ItemType 'file' -Path $Path -Force } [string]$LogMessage = [System.String]::Format("[$(Get-Date)] -"), $Type, $Text Add-Content -Path $Path -Value $LogMessage } Write-Log -Text "Starting Remove-Win10Apps script with -PCType $PCType and -LogPath $LogPath" -Type 'INFO' -Path $LogPath #Checks OS is Windows 10 and terminates if it's not. if ([Environment]::OSVersion.Version.Major -lt '10') { Write-Warning 'Exiting...you must be running a version ofy Windows 10 to run this script.' Write-Log -Text 'Exiting...you must be running a version of Windows 10 to run this script.' -Type 'ERROR' -Path $LogPath Exit } #Region App Listing $AppsHomePC = @( "Microsoft.3DBuilder" #3D Builder - https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/p/3d-builde9wzdncrfj3t6 - View, create, and personalize 3D objects using 3D Builder. "Microsoft.Appconnector" "Microsoft.BingFinance" #MSN Money - https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/p/msn-money/9wzdncrfhv4v - Finance simplified. Know more about your money with the world’s best financial news and data. Grow your finances with handy tools and calculators, any time and anywhere. "Microsoft.BingFoodAndDrink" #MSN Food & Drink - NA (Discontinued) "Microsoft.BingHealthAndFitness" #MSN Health & Fitness - NA (Discontinued) "Microsoft.BingNews" #Microsoft News - https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/p/microsoft-news/9wzdncrfhvfw - Delivers breaking news and trusted, in-depth reporting from the world's best journalists. "Microsoft.BingSports" #MSN Sports - https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/p/msn-sports/9wzdncrfhvh4 - The MSN Sports app is packed with live scores & in-depth game experiences for more than 150 leagues. "Microsoft.BingTranslator" #Translator - https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/p/translato9wzdncrfj3pg - Microsoft Translator enables you to translate text and speech, have translated conversations, and even download AI-powered language packs to use offline. "Microsoft.BingTravel" #MSN Travel - NA (Discontinued) "Microsoft.BingWeather" #MSN Weather - https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/p/msn-weathe9wzdncrfj3q2 - The best way to plan your day. Get the latest weather conditions, whether you're hitting the slopes, or the beach, or checking the forecast for your commute. See accurate 10-day and hourly forecasts for whatever you do. "Microsoft.CommsPhone" "Microsoft.ConnectivityStore" "Microsoft.FreshPaint" #Fresh Paint - https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/p/fresh-paint/9wzdncrfjb13 - Unleash your inner creative with Fresh Paint – the ultimate canvas for your big ideas. Fresh Paint is a fun and easy to use painting app with the right tools for artists of all ages. "Microsoft.GetHelp" #Get Help "Microsoft.Getstarted" #Microsoft Tips "Microsoft.Messaging" #Microsoft Messaging - https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/p/microsoft-messaging/9wzdncrfjbq6 - Microsoft Messaging enables, quick, reliable SMS, MMS and RCS messaging from your phone. To get started, select Messaging from the All apps list. "Microsoft.Microsoft3DViewer" #3D Viewer - https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/p/3d-viewe9nblggh42ths - Easily view 3D models and animations in real-time. 3D Viewer lets you view 3D models with lighting controls, inspect model data and visualize different shading modes. In Mixed Reality mode, combine the digital and physical. Push the boundaries of reality and capture it all with a video or photo to share. "Microsoft.MicrosoftOfficeHub" #Office - https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/p/office/9wzdncrd29v9 - The Office app enables you to get the most out of Office by helping you find all your Office apps and files in one place so you can jump quickly into your work. "Microsoft.MicrosoftPowerBIForWindows" #Power BI - https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/p/power-bi/9nblgggzlxn1 - Monitor your most important business data, directly from your device. Get a quick overview with intuitive, at-a-glance visuals, or dive deep into your data and discover new insights with interactive dashboards and reports. "Microsoft.MicrosoftSolitaireCollection" #Microsoft Solitaire Collection - https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/p/microsoft-solitaire-collection/9wzdncrfhwd2 - Check out the new look and feel of Microsoft Solitaire Collection on Windows 10! "Microsoft.MinecraftUWP" #Minecraft - NA (Discontinued) "Microsoft.MixedReality.Portal" #Mixed Reality Portal - https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/p/mixed-reality-portal/9ng1h8b3zc7m - iscover Windows Mixed Reality and dive into more than 3,000 games and VR experiences from Steam®VR and Microsoft Store. Get extraordinary access to live sports and entertainment and connect with others in the ultimate high-octane VR gaming experience. "Microsoft.NetworkSpeedTest" #Network Speed Test - https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/p/network-speed-test/9wzdncrfhx52 - Network Speed Test measures your network delay, download speed and upload speed. "Microsoft.Office.Sway" #Sway - https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/p/sway/9wzdncrd2g0j - Create visually striking newsletters, presentations, and documentation in minutes. "Microsoft.OfficeLens" #Office Lens - https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/p/office-lens/9wzdncrfj3t8 - Office Lens trims, enhances, and makes pictures of whiteboards and docs readable. You can use Office Lens to convert images to PDF, Word and PowerPoint files, and you can even save images to OneNote or OneDrive. "Microsoft.OneConnect" #Paid Wi-Fi & Cellular or Mobile Plans# "Microsoft.People" #Microsoft People - https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/p/microsoft-people/9nblggh10pg8 - People in Windows 10 puts all the ways you connect with all your friends, family, colleagues, and acquaintances in one place, so it’s faster than ever to keep in touch. Check out what your people are up to across the services they use and choose how you want to connect with them. "Microsoft.Print3D" #Print 3D - https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/p/print-3d/9pbpch085s3s - Quickly and easily prepare objects for 3D printing on your PC. With support for Wifi printers, you can 3D print from anywhere on your network. Get the best out of your printer by tuning many custom settings like the extruder temperature and printing speed. "Microsoft.SkypeApp" #Skype - https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/p/skype/9wzdncrfj364 - Skype keeps the world talking. Say “hello” with an instant message, voice or video call – all for free, no matter what device they use Skype on. Skype is available on phones, tablets, PCs, and Macs. "Microsoft.Wallet" #Microsoft Pay# "Microsoft.Whiteboard" #Whiteboard - https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/p/microsoft-whiteboard/9mspc6mp8fm4 - Meet the freeform digital canvas where ideas, content, and people come together. "Microsoft.WindowsFeedbackHub" #Feedback Hub - https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/p/feedback-hub/9nblggh4r32n - Help us make Windows better! Provide feedback about Windows and apps by sharing your suggestions or problems. If you want to be even more involved, then join the Windows Insider program and keep up with the latest alerts and announcements, rate the builds, participate in feedback Quests, and earn badges. "Microsoft.WindowsMaps" #Windows Maps - https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/p/windows-maps/9wzdncrdtbvb - Maps is your guide to everywhere. Find your way with voice navigation and turn-by-turn driving, transit, and walking directions. Search for places to get directions, business info, and reviews. Download maps to use when you’re offline. Tour the world virtually with breathtaking aerial imagery and 360 degree street-level views. Plus, you get the same experience across all your Windows 10 PCs and phones. "Microsoft.WindowsPhone" "Microsoft.WindowsReadingList" #Windows Reading List - https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/p/windows-reading-list/9wzdncrfj3rx - Do you ever run out of time to read articles or watch videos you’ve found online? With Reading List, you can easily track and manage all of the content you want to get back to later in a beautiful display. You can share content to your list from the web or from other apps and easily come back to it when you have more time. Whatever you like to read or watch, the app makes it easy to save, find and get back to things you like, listing content you've saved in chronological order. "Microsoft.YourPhone" #Your Phone - https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/p/your-phone/9nmpj99vjbwv - You love your phone. So does your PC. Get instant access to everything you love on your phone, right on your PC. Reply to your text messages with ease, stop emailing yourself photos, and receive and manage your phone’s notifications on your PC. #3rd Party "2FE3CB00.PicsArt-PhotoStudio" "46928bounde.EclipseManager" #Eclipse "613EBCEA.PolarrPhotoEditorAcademicEdition" "6Wunderkinder.Wunderlist" "7EE7776C.LinkedInforWindows" "89006A2E.AutodeskSketchBook" "9E2F88E3.Twitter" "A278AB0D.DisneyMagicKingdoms" "A278AB0D.MarchofEmpires" "ActiproSoftwareLLC.562882FEEB491" #Code Writer "AdobeSystemIncorporated.AdobePhotoshop" #Photoshop Express "CAF9E577.Plex" #Plex "ClearChannelRadioDigital.iHeartRadio" "D52A8D61.FarmVille2CountryEscape" "D5EA27B7.Duolingo-LearnLanguagesforFree" #Duolingo "DB6EA5DB.CyberLinkMediaSuiteEssentials" "DolbyLaboratories.DolbyAccess" "Drawboard.DrawboardPDF" "Facebook.Facebook" #Facebook "Fitbit.FitbitCoach" "flaregamesGmbH.RoyalRevolt2" "Flipboard.Flipboard" #Flipboard "GAMELOFTSA.Asphalt8Airborne" "KeeperSecurityInc.Keeper" "king.com.*" "king.com.BubbleWitch3Saga" "king.com.CandyCrushFriends" "king.com.CandyCrushSaga" "king.com.CandyCrushSodaSaga" "NORDCURRENT.COOKINGFEVER" "PandoraMediaInc.29680B314EFC2" #Pandora "Playtika.CaesarsSlotsFreeCasino" "ShazamEntertainmentLtd.Shazam" "TheNewYorkTimes.NYTCrossword" "ThumbmunkeysLtd.PhototasticCollage" "TuneIn.TuneInRadio" "WinZipComputing.WinZipUniversal" "XINGAG.XING" ) $AppsNamedPC = @( "microsoft.windowscommunicationsapps" #Mail and Calendar - https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/p/mail-and-calenda9wzdncrfhvqm - The Mail and Calendar apps help you stay up to date on your email, manage your schedule and stay in touch with people you care about the most. Designed for both work and home, these apps help you communicate quickly and focus on what’s important across all your accounts. Supports Office 365, Exchange, Outlook.com, Gmail, Yahoo! and other popular accounts. "Microsoft.XboxApp" #Xbox Console Companion - https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/p/xbox-console-companion/9wzdncrfjbd8 - The Xbox app brings together your friends, games, and accomplishments across Xbox One and Windows 10 devices. The best multiplayer gaming just got better. "Microsoft.XboxGameOverlay" #Xbox Game Bar - https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/p/xbox-game-ba9nzkpstsnw4p - Win+G it with Xbox Game Bar, the customizable, gaming overlay built into Windows 10. Xbox Game Bar works with most PC games, giving you instant access to widgets for screen capture and sharing, finding new teammates with LFG, and chatting with Xbox friends across Xbox console, mobile, and PC—all without leaving your game. "Microsoft.XboxGamingOverlay" #Xbox Gaming Overlay "Microsoft.XboxIdentityProvider" #Xbox Identity Provider "Microsoft.XboxSpeechToTextOverlay" #3rd Party "4DF9E0F8.Netflix" #Netflix - https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/p/netflix/9wzdncrfj3tj - Netflix has something for everyone. Watch TV shows and movies recommended just for you, including award-winning Netflix original series, movies, and documentaries. There’s even a safe watching experience just for kids with family-friendly entertainment. "SpotifyAB.SpotifyMusic" #Spotify - https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/p/spotify-music/9ncbcszsjrsb - Love music? Play your favorite songs and albums free on Windows 10 with Spotify. ) $AppsSharedPC = @( "Microsoft.Office.OneNote" #OneNote - https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/p/onenote/9wzdncrfhvjl - OneNote is your digital notebook for capturing and organizing everything across your devices. Jot down your ideas, keep track of classroom and meeting notes, clip from the web, or make a to-do list, as well as draw and sketch your ideas. "Microsoft.Todos" #Microsoft To Do - https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/p/microsoft-to-do-lists-tasks-reminders/9nblggh5r558 - Got something on your mind? Get Microsoft To Do. Whether you want to increase your productivity, decrease your stress levels, or just free up some mental space, Microsoft To Do makes it easy to plan your day and manage your life. "Microsoft.WindowsCamera" #Windows Camera - https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/p/windows-camera/9wzdncrfjbbg - The Camera app is faster and simpler than ever. Just point and shoot to take great pictures automatically on any PC or tablet running Windows 10. "Microsoft.WindowsSoundRecorder" #Windows Voice Recorder - https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/p/windows-voice-recorde9wzdncrfhwkn - Record sounds, lectures, interviews, and other events. Mark key moments as you record, edit, or play them back. ) $AppsServerPC = @( "Microsoft.MSPaint" #Paint 3D - https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/p/paint-3d/9nblggh5fv99 - Whether you’re an artist or just want to try out some doodles–Paint 3D makes it easy to unleash your creativity and bring your ideas to life. Classic Paint has been reimagined, with an updated look and feel and a ton of new brushes and tools. And now, create in every dimension. Make 2D masterpieces or 3D models that you can play with from all angles. "Microsoft.MicrosoftStickyNotes" #Microsoft Sticky Notes - https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/p/microsoft-sticky-notes/9nblggh4qghw - Need to remember something for later? Use Microsoft Sticky Notes. They're the simple way to quickly save something for later, so you can stay in the flow. With Sticky Notes, you can create notes, type, ink or add a picture, add text formatting, stick them to the desktop, move them around there freely, close them to the Notes list, and sync them across devices and apps like OneNote Mobile, Microsoft Launcher for Android, and Outlook for Windows. "Microsoft.WindowsAlarms" #Windows Alarms & Clock - https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/p/windows-alarms-clock/9wzdncrfj3pr - A combination of alarm clock, world clock, timer, and stopwatch. Set alarms and reminders, check times around the world, and time your activities, including laps and splits. "Microsoft.WindowsCalculator" #Windows Calculator - https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/p/windows-calculato9wzdncrfhvn5 - A simple yet powerful calculator that includes standard, scientific, and programmer modes, as well as a unit converter. It's the perfect tool to add up a bill, convert measurements in a recipe or other project, or complete complex math, algebra, or geometry problems. Calculator history makes it easy to confirm if you've entered numbers correctly. "Microsoft.Windows.Photos" #Microsoft Photos -https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/p/microsoft-photos/9wzdncrfjbh4 - View and edit your photos and videos, make movies, and create albums. Try video remix to instantly create a video from photos and videos you select. Use the video editor for fine-tuned adjustments — change filters, text, camera motion, music, and more. You can even add 3D effects like butterflies, lasers, or explosions that magically appear in your video. "Microsoft.ZuneMusic" #Groove Music - https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/p/groove-music/9wzdncrfj3pt - Listen to your favorite music in Groove on your Windows, iOS, and Android devices. Create a playlist with music you've purchased or uploaded to OneDrive or pick your background music on Xbox One. "Microsoft.ZuneVideo" #Movies & TV - https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/p/movies-tv/9wzdncrfj3p2 - All your movies and TV shows, all in one place, on all your devices. Movies & TV brings you the latest entertainment in one simple, fast, and elegant app on Windows. On your PC and Windows Mobile, the app lets you play and manage videos from your personal collection. On all your devices, you can use the app to browse and play movies and TV shows you’ve purchased from the Store. ) <#---APPS THAT SHOULD NEVER BE REMOVED FOR ANY TYPE OF WINDOWS PC $RemainingAppsForReference = @( #"1527c705-839a-4832-9118-54d4Bd6a0c89" #File Picker - App which cannot be removed using Remove-AppxPackage #"c5e2524a-ea46-4f67-841f-6a9465d9d515" #File Explorer - App which cannot be removed using Remove-AppxPackage #"E2A4F912-2574-4A75-9BB0-0D023378592B" #App Resolver UX - App which cannot be removed using Remove-AppxPackage #"F46D4000-FD22-4DB4-AC8E-4E1DDDE828FE" #Add Suggested Folders To Library - App which cannot be removed using Remove-AppxPackage #"InputApp" #? - App which cannot be removed using Remove-AppxPackage #"Microsoft.AAD.BrokerPlugin" #Microsoft.AAD.Broker.Plugin - App which cannot be removed using Remove-AppxPackage #"Microsoft.AccountsControl" #Microsoft.AccountsControl - App which cannot be removed using Remove-AppxPackage #"Microsoft.Advertising.Xaml" #Microsoft.Advertising - Framework apps which other apps depend on #"Microsoft.AsyncTextService" #Microsoft.AsyncTextService - App which cannot be removed using Remove-AppxPackage #"Microsoft.BioEnrollment" #Hello setup UI - App which cannot be removed using Remove-AppxPackage #"Microsoft.CredDialogHost" #? - App which cannot be removed using Remove-AppxPackage #"Microsoft.DesktopAppInstaller" #App Installer - Keeping just in case we ever want to deploy UWP apps #'Microsoft.DirectXRuntime' #? - Framework apps which other apps depend on #"Microsoft.ECApp" #? - App which cannot be removed using Remove-AppxPackage #"Microsoft.HEIFImageExtension" #HEIF Image Extensions - Keeping so HEIF compressed images can be opened #"Microsoft.LockApp" #? - App which cannot be removed using Remove-AppxPackage #"Microsoft.MicrosoftEdge" #Microsoft Edge - App which cannot be removed using Remove-AppxPackage #"Microsoft.MicrosoftEdgeDevToolsClient" #? - App which cannot be removed using Remove-AppxPackage #"Microsoft.NET.Native.Framework.1.3" #Framework app which other apps depend on #"Microsoft.NET.Native.Framework.1.6" #Framework app which other apps depend on #"Microsoft.NET.Native.Framework.1.7" #Framework app which other apps depend on #"Microsoft.NET.Native.Framework.2.1" #Framework app which other apps depend on #"Microsoft.NET.Native.Framework.2.2" #Framework app which other apps depend on #"Microsoft.NET.Native.Runtime.1.4" #Framework app which other apps depend on #"Microsoft.NET.Native.Runtime.1.6" #Framework app which other apps depend on #"Microsoft.NET.Native.Runtime.1.7" #Framework app which other apps depend on #"Microsoft.NET.Native.Runtime.2.2" #Framework app which other apps depend on #"Microsoft.PPIProjection" #? - App which cannot be removed using Remove-AppxPackage #"Microsoft.RemoteDesktop" #Remote Desktop - Functionality, expected to be there #"Microsoft.Services.Store.Engagement" #Framework app which other apps depend on #"Microsoft.StorePurchaseApp" #Store Purchase App#Framework app which other apps depend on (not really but needed for store to function) #"Microsoft.UI.Xaml.2.0" #Framework app which other apps depend on #"Microsoft.UI.Xaml.2.1" #Framework app which other apps depend on #"Microsoft.UI.Xaml.2.2" #Framework app which other apps depend on #"Microsoft.VCLibs.120.00.Universal" #Framework app which other apps depend on #"Microsoft.VCLibs.140.00" #Framework app which other apps depend on #"Microsoft.VCLibs.140.00.UWPDesktop" #Framework app which other apps depend on #"Microsoft.VP9VideoExtensions" #Keeping so VP9 media can be played back #"Microsoft.WebMediaExtensions" #Web Media Extensions#basic functionality #"Microsoft.WebpImageExtension" #Webp Image Extension#basic functionality #"Microsoft.Win32WebViewHost" #? - App which cannot be removed using Remove-AppxPackage #"Microsoft.Windows.Apprep.ChxApp" #? - App which cannot be removed using Remove-AppxPackage #"Microsoft.Windows.AssignedAccessLockApp" #? - App which cannot be removed using Remove-AppxPackage #"Microsoft.Windows.CapturePicker" #? - App which cannot be removed using Remove-AppxPackage #"Microsoft.Windows.CloudExperienceHost" #? - App which cannot be removed using Remove-AppxPackage #"Microsoft.Windows.ContentDeliveryManager" #? - App which cannot be removed using Remove-AppxPackage #"Microsoft.Windows.Cortana" #Cortana - App which cannot be removed using Remove-AppxPackage #"Microsoft.Windows.NarratorQuickStart" #? - App which cannot be removed using Remove-AppxPackage #"Microsoft.Windows.OOBENetworkCaptivePortal" #? - App which cannot be removed using Remove-AppxPackage #"Microsoft.Windows.OOBENetworkConnectionFlow" #? - App which cannot be removed using Remove-AppxPackage #"Microsoft.Windows.ParentalControls" #? - App which cannot be removed using Remove-AppxPackage #"Microsoft.Windows.PeopleExperienceHost" #People Hub - App which cannot be removed using Remove-AppxPackage #"Microsoft.Windows.PinningConfirmationDialog" #? - App which cannot be removed using Remove-AppxPackage #"Microsoft.Windows.SecHealthUI" #? - App which cannot be removed using Remove-AppxPackage #"Microsoft.Windows.SecureAssessmentBrowser" #? - App which cannot be removed using Remove-AppxPackage #"Microsoft.Windows.ShellExperienceHost" #Start - App which cannot be removed using Remove-AppxPackage #"Microsoft.Windows.XGpuEjectDialog" #? - apps which cannot be removed using Remove-AppxPackage #"Microsoft.WindowsFeedback" #Windows Feedback - App which cannot be removed using Remove-AppxPackage #"Microsoft.WindowsStore" #Microsoft Store -Vital functionality #"Microsoft.Xbox.TCUI" #? - App shouldn't be removed as it causes issues with Windows Photos, Windows Hello and others #"Microsoft.XboxGameCallableUI" #? - App which cannot be removed using Remove-AppxPackage #"Windows.ContactSupport" #Contact Support - App which cannot be removed using Remove-AppxPackage #"Windows.CBSPreview" #? - App which cannot be removed using Remove-AppxPackage #"windows.immersivecontrolpanel" #Settings - App which cannot be removed using Remove-AppxPackage #"Windows.PrintDialog" #Print UI - App which cannot be removed using Remove-AppxPackage ) #> #EndRegion App Listing switch ($PCType) { Home { $AllAppsToRemove = $AppsHomePC } Named { $AllAppsToRemove = $AppsHomePC + $AppsNamedPC } Shared { $AllAppsToRemove = $AppsHomePC + $AppsNamedPC + $AppsSharedPC } Server { $AllAppsToRemove = $AppsHomePC + $AppsNamedPC + $AppsSharedPC + $AppsServerPC } } If ($list) { Write-Output "LIST OF APPS IN -PCType $PCType" ForEach ($App in $AllAppsToRemove) { Write-Output $App } Break } $ProvisionedAppxPackages = Get-AppxProvisionedPackage -Online $ProvisionedAppxPackagesToRemove = @() #Determine what apps that are provisioned on this PC to be removed by comparing against the list (Home, Named, Shared, Server) foreach ($Appx in $AllAppsToRemove) { $ProvisionedAppxPackagesToRemove += ($ProvisionedAppxPackages | Where-Object { $_.DisplayName -eq $Appx }) } $InstalledAppxPackages = Get-AppxPackage -AllUsers $InstalledAppxPackagesToRemove = @() #Determine what apps that are installed on this PC to be removed by comparing against the list (Home, Named, Shared, Server) foreach ($Appx in $AllAppsToRemove) { $InstalledAppxPackagesToRemove += ($InstalledAppxPackages | Where-Object { $_.Name -eq $Appx }) } } process { If ($ProvisionedAppxPackagesToRemove.length -ge 1) { Write-Output "***Removing select provisioned appx packages for this machine...***" Write-Log -Text 'Removing select provisioned appx packages for this machine' -Type 'INFO' -Path $LogPath foreach ($ProvisionedAppx in $ProvisionedAppxPackagesToRemove) { if ($PSCmdlet.ShouldProcess($ProvisionedAppx.DisplayName, 'Remove-AppxProvisionedPackage -Online -AllUsers')) { try { $ProvisionedAppx | Remove-AppxProvisionedPackage -Online -AllUsers -Verbose -ErrorAction Continue Write-Output $("Removed " + $ProvisionedAppx.DisplayName) Write-Log -Text $("Removed " + $ProvisionedAppx.DisplayName) -Type 'INFO' -Path $LogPath } catch { Write-Warning $('Unable to remove ' + $ProvisionedAppx.DisplayName) Write-Log -Text $('Unable to remove ' + $ProvisionedAppx.DisplayName) -Type 'WARNING' -Path $LogPath } } } } else { Write-Output "***No provisioned appx packages from your selection were found for this machine...***" Write-Log -Text 'No provisioned appx packages from your selection were found for this machine' -Type 'INFO' -Path $LogPath } If ($InstalledAppxPackagesToRemove.length -ge 1) { Write-Output "***Removing select installed appx packages for this machine...***" Write-Log -Text 'Removing select installed appx packages for this machine' -Type 'INFO' -Path $LogPath foreach ($InstalledAppx in $InstalledAppxPackagesToRemove) { if ($PSCmdlet.ShouldProcess($InstalledAppx.Name, 'Remove-AppxPackage -AllUsers')) { try { $InstalledAppx | Remove-AppxPackage -AllUsers -Verbose -ErrorAction Continue Write-Output $("Removed " + $InstalledAppx.Name) Write-Log -Text $("Removed " + $InstalledAppx.Name) -Type 'INFO' -Path $LogPath } catch { Write-Warning $('Unable to remove ' + $InstalleddAppx.Name) Write-Log -Text $('Unable to remove ' + $InstalleddAppx.Name) -Type 'WARNING' -Path $LogPath } } } } else { Write-Output "***No installed appx packages from your selection were found for this machine...***" Write-Log -Text 'No installed appx packages from your selection were found for this machine' -Type 'INFO' -Path $LogPath } } end { Write-Log -Text 'Stopping Remove-Win10Apps script as it has finished running' -Type 'INFO' -Path $LogPath }
submitted by masmasi2907 to u/masmasi2907 [link] [comments] https://preview.redd.it/34yy4txjoq741.jpg?width=667&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=e9b7cba62ee7bb8b8514390d8213b6f3bf0e4ae9 Tourism, the act and process of spending time away from home in pursuit of recreation, relaxation, and pleasure, while making use of the commercial provision of services. As such, tourism is a product of modern social arrangements, beginning in western Europe in the 17th century, although it has antecedents in Classical antiquity. It is distinguished from exploration in that tourists follow a “beaten path,” benefit from established systems of provision, and, as befits pleasure-seekers, are generally insulated from difficulty, danger, and embarrassment. Tourism, however, overlaps with other activities, interests, and processes, including, for example, pilgrimage. This gives rise to shared categories, such as “business tourism,” “sports tourism,” and “medical tourism” (international travel undertaken for the purpose of receiving medical care). The Origins Of TourismBy the early 21st century, international tourism had become one of the world’s most important economic activities, and its impact was becoming increasingly apparent from the Arctic to Antarctica. The history of tourism is therefore of great interest and importance. That history begins long before the coinage of the word tourist at the end of the 18th century. In the Western tradition, organized travel with supporting infrastructure, sightseeing, and an emphasis on essential destinations and experiences can be found in ancient Greece and Rome, which can lay claim to the origins of both “heritage tourism” (aimed at the celebration and appreciation of historic sites of recognized cultural importance) and beach resorts. The Seven Wonders of the World became tourist sites for Greeks and Romans.Pilgrimage offers similar antecedents, bringing Eastern civilizations into play. Its religious goals coexist with defined routes, commercial hospitality, and an admixture of curiosity, adventure, and enjoyment among the motives of the participants. Pilgrimage to the earliest Buddhist sites began more than 2,000 years ago, although it is hard to define a transition from the makeshift privations of small groups of monks to recognizably tourist practices. Pilgrimage to Mecca is of similar antiquity. The tourist status of the hajj is problematic given the number of casualties that—even in the 21st century—continued to be suffered on the journey through the desert. The thermal spa as a tourist destination—regardless of the pilgrimage associations with the site as a holy well or sacred spring—is not necessarily a European invention, despite deriving its English-language label from Spa, an early resort in what is now Belgium. The oldest Japanese onsen (hot springs) were catering to bathers from at least the 6th century. Tourism has been a global phenomenon from its origins. Modern tourism is an increasingly intensive, commercially organized, business-oriented set of activities whose roots can be found in the industrial and postindustrial West. The aristocratic grand tour of cultural sites in France, Germany, and especially Italy—including those associated with Classical Roman tourism—had its roots in the 16th century. It grew rapidly, however, expanding its geographical range to embrace Alpine scenery during the second half of the 18th century, in the intervals between European wars. (If truth is historically the first casualty of war, tourism is the second, although it may subsequently incorporate pilgrimages to graves and battlefield sites and even, by the late 20th century, to concentration camps.) As part of the grand tour’s expansion, its exclusivity was undermined as the expanding commercial, professional, and industrial middle ranks joined the landowning and political classes in aspiring to gain access to this rite of passage for their sons. By the early 19th century, European journeys for health, leisure, and culture became common practice among the middle classes, and paths to the acquisition of cultural capital (that array of knowledge, experience, and polish that was necessary to mix in polite society) were smoothed by guidebooks, primers, the development of art and souvenir markets, and carefully calibrated transport and accommodation systems. Technology And The Democratization Of International TourismTransport innovation was an essential enabler of tourism’s spread and democratization and its ultimate globalization. Beginning in the mid-19th century, the steamship and the railway brought greater comfort and speed and cheaper travel, in part because fewer overnight and intermediate stops were needed. Above all else, these innovations allowed for reliable time-tabling, essential for those who were tied to the discipline of the calendar if not the clock. The gaps in accessibility to these transport systems were steadily closing in the later 19th century, while the empire of steam was becoming global. Railways promoted domestic as well as international tourism, including short visits to the coast, city, and countryside which might last less than a day but fell clearly into the “tourism” category. Rail travel also made grand tour destinations more widely accessible, reinforcing existing tourism flows while contributing to tensions and clashes between classes and cultures among the tourists. By the late 19th century, steam navigation and railways were opening tourist destinations from Lapland to New Zealand, and the latter opened the first dedicated national tourist office in 1901.After World War II, governments became interested in tourism as an invisible import and as a tool of diplomacy, but prior to this time international travel agencies took the lead in easing the complexities of tourist journeys. The most famous of these agencies was Britain’s Thomas Cook and Son organization, whose operations spread from Europe and the Middle East across the globe in the late 19th century. The role played by other firms (including the British tour organizers Frame’s and Henry Gaze and Sons) has been less visible to 21st-century observers, not least because these agencies did not preserve their records, but they were equally important. Shipping lines also promoted international tourism from the late 19th century onward. From the Norwegian fjords to the Caribbean, the pleasure cruise was already becoming a distinctive tourist experience before World War I, and transatlantic companies competed for middle-class tourism during the 1920s and ’30s. Between the World Wars, affluent Americans journeyed by air and sea to a variety of destinations in the Caribbean and Latin America. Tourism became even bigger business internationally in the latter half of the 20th century as air travel was progressively deregulated and decoupled from “flag carriers” (national airlines). The airborne package tour to sunny coastal destinations became the basis of an enormous annual migration from northern Europe to the Mediterranean before extending to a growing variety of long-haul destinations, including Asian markets in the Pacific, and eventually bringing postcommunist Russians and eastern Europeans to the Mediterranean. Similar traffic flows expanded from the United States to Mexico and the Caribbean. In each case these developments built on older rail-, road-, and sea-travel patterns. The earliest package tours to the Mediterranean were by motor coach (bus) during the 1930s and postwar years. It was not until the late 1970s that Mediterranean sun and sea vacations became popular among working-class families in northern Europe; the label “mass tourism,” which is often applied to this phenomenon, is misleading. Such holidays were experienced in a variety of ways because tourists had choices, and the destination resorts varied widely in history, culture, architecture, and visitor mix. From the 1990s the growth of flexible international travel through the rise of budget airlines, notably easyJet and Ryanair in Europe, opened a new mix of destinations. Some of these were former Soviet-bloc locales such as Prague and Riga, which appealed to weekend and short-break European tourists who constructed their own itineraries in negotiation with local service providers, mediated through the airlines’ special deals. In international tourism, globalization has not been a one-way process; it has entailed negotiation between hosts and guests. Day-Trippers And Domestic Tourism While domestic tourism could be seen as less glamorous and dramatic than international traffic flows, it has been more important to more people over a longer period. From the 1920s the rise of Florida as a destination for American tourists has been characterized by “snowbirds” from the northern and Midwestern states traveling a greater distance across the vast expanse of the United States than many European tourists travel internationally. Key phases in the pioneering development of tourism as a commercial phenomenon in Britain were driven by domestic demand and local journeys. European wars in the late 18th and early 19th centuries prompted the “discovery of Britain” and the rise of the Lake District and Scottish Highlands as destinations for both the upper classes and the aspiring classes. The railways helped to open the seaside to working-class day-trippers and holidaymakers, especially in the last quarter of the 19th century. By 1914 Blackpool in Lancashire, the world’s first working-class seaside resort, had around four million visitors per summer. Coney Island in Brooklyn, New York, had more visitors by this time, but most were day-trippers who came from and returned to locations elsewhere in the New York City area by train the same day. Domestic tourism is less visible in statistical terms and tends to be serviced by regional, local, and small family-run enterprises. The World Tourism Organization, which tries to count tourists globally, is more concerned with the international scene, but across the globe, and perhaps especially in Asia, domestic tourism remains much more important in numerical terms than the international version. A Case Study: The Beach HolidayMuch of the post-World War II expansion of international tourism was based on beach holidays, which have a long history. In their modern, commercial form, beach holidays are an English invention of the 18th century, based on the medical adaptation of popular sea-bathing traditions. They built upon the positive artistic and cultural associations of coastal scenery for societies in the West, appealing to the informality and habits and customs of maritime society. Later beach holiday destinations incorporated the sociability and entertainment regimes of established spa resorts, sometimes including gambling casinos. Beach holidays built on widespread older uses of the beach for health, enjoyment, and religious rites, but it was the British who formalized and commercialized them. From the late 18th and early 19th centuries, beach resorts spread successively across Europe and the Mediterranean and into the United States, then took root in the European-settled colonies and republics of Oceania, South Africa, and Latin America and eventually reached Asia.Beach holiday environments, regulations, practices, and fashions mutated across cultures as sunshine and relaxation displaced therapy and convention. Coastal resorts became sites of conflict over access and use as well as over concepts of decency and excess. Beaches could be, in acceptably exciting ways, liminal frontier zones where the usual conventions could be suspended. (Not just in Rio de Janeiro have beaches become carnivalesque spaces where the world has been temporarily turned upside down.) Coastal resorts could also be dangerous and challenging. They could become arenas for class conflict, starting with the working-class presence at the 19th-century British seaside, where it took time for day-trippers from industrial towns to learn to moderate noisy, boisterous behaviour and abandon nude bathing. Beaches were also a prime location for working out economic, ethnic, “racial,” or religious tensions, such as in Mexico, where government-sponsored beach resort developments from the 1970s displaced existing farming communities. In South Africa the apartheid regime segregated the beaches, and in the Islamic world locals sustained their own bathing traditions away from the tourist beaches. The beach is only the most conspicuous of many distinctive settings to attract a tourist presence and generate a tourism industry, but its history illustrates many general points about tradition, diffusion, mutation, and conflict. Tourism has also made use of history, as historic sites attract cultural tourists and collectors of iconic images. Indigenous peoples can sometimes profit from the marketability of their customs, and even the industrial archaeology of tourism itself is becoming good business, with historically significant hotels, transport systems, and even amusement park rides becoming popular destinations. Heritage and authenticity are among the many challenging and compromised attributes that tourism uses to market the intangible wares that it appropriates. The global footprint of tourism—its economic, environmental, demographic, and cultural significance—was already huge at the beginning of the 20th century and continues to grow exponentially. As the body of literature examining this important industry continues to expand, historical perspectives will develop further. Source: https://www.britannica.com/topic/tourism |
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